Encyclopædia Britannica Article
Graphic design in the 20th century
Graphic design in developing nations

Late in the 20th century, increasingly accomplished graphic-design activity began to appear in developing nations. These advancements occurred because of a number of factors, including expanded access to professional education at local schools and abroad, the increased availability of computer and printing technology, and a growing base of industrial, cultural, and communications-industry clients. Designers from these nations often drew upon established design approaches from industrialized nations, but they commingled these lessons with local and national traditions in their quest for effective visual communications.

Shiva, Ghobad: poster
Poster commemorating the birth of the 13th-century Iranian poet Saadi, designed by Ghobad Shiva, 1984.

In the Middle East, graphic designers often applied new technology to depictions of traditional subject matter and iconography. Throughout the late 20th century, Iranian graphic designer Ghobad Shiva evoked the colour palette, traditional Arabic calligraphy, and page layouts of ancient Persian manuscripts in his graphic work, which ranged from packaging to advertising and editorial design to stage sets. His poster (1984) celebrating the 800th anniversary of the birth of the renowned Iranian poet Saadi, for example, displays his exquisite control of colour and his ability to create a vibrant image. These stylized illustrations continued the traditions of ancient Persian manuscript books, but within the context of a contemporary design idiom.

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